Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 8, No. 48
January - March 2024. e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 1-20
DOI https://doi.org/10.31876/er.v8i48.856
Sustainable production strategies to increase the
commercialization of tara in Peru
Estrategias de producción sostenible para incrementar la comercialización
de tara en Perú
Anita Maicelo Vilca*
Meliza del Pilar Bustos Chavez*
Pablo-Alfredo Rituay Trujillo*
Carlos Enrique Aldea Roman*
Yorberth Yannedy Montes de Oca Rojas*
Jonathan-Alberto Campos Trigoso*
Received: October 03, 2023
Approved: November 30, 2023
Abstract
Tara (Caesalpinia spinosa) is a native Peruvian plant that grows in the
dry forests of the inter-Andean valleys. It is considered a relevant
opportunity for eco-business in the country due to its high efficiency
of use and versatility in various industries. This study aims to
characterize the production and commercialization of tara by
producers located in the Sonche River Valley, in the province of
Chachapoyas, in order to provide some opportunities for
implementing sustainable tara production strategies to increase its
production. The results indicate that tara production activity is being
developed in a precarious manner, since production per hectare is
below average and there is inefficient use of spaces suitable for
cultivation; the production units also have organizational deficiencies
such as lack of leverage, little training on sustainability issues and
neglect in the harvesting process. These deficiencies are invaluable
opportunities to implement strategies such as the practice of
sustainable crops, the use of improved varieties, and education,
research and development regarding tara production.
Keywords:
Tara (Caesalpinia spinosa), production strategies,
sustainability
* Agribusiness Research Circle, Institute of Agricultural Business Research, Faculty of
Animal Husbandry Engineering, Agribusiness and Biotechnology, Universidad Nacional
Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza Nacional de Amazonas, anitamaicelo99@gmail.com,
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1089-3976
* Agribusiness Engineer, Instituto de Investigación en Negocios Agropecuarios, Facultad
de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio
Rodríguez de Mendoza Nacional de Amazonas, meliza.bustos.epg@untrm.edu.pe ,
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0389-0435
* Agribusiness Engineer, Instituto de Investigación en Negocios Agropecuarios, Facultad
de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio
Rodríguez de Mendoza Nacional de Amazonas, pablo.rituay@untrm.edu.pe , ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4338-6057
* Instituto de Investigación en Negocios Agropecuarios, Facultad de Ingeniería
Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de
Mendoza Nacional de Amazonas, 7036107020@untrm.edu.pe ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4373-1973
* D. in Social Sciences. University of Zulia - Center for Business Studies. Faculty of
Economics and Social Sciences, montesdeoca_yorberth@fces.luz.edu.ve ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0457-3132
* D. in Agricultural Production Economics. Agricultural Business Research Institute.
Professor of the Professional School of Agribusiness Engineering. Faculty of Animal
Husbandry Engineering, Agribusiness and Biotechnology, Universidad Nacional Toribio
Rodríguez de Mendoza Nacional de Amazonas, Peru. jonathan.campos@untrm.edu.pe
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4605-6005
Maicelo, A., Bustos, M., Rituay, P.,
Aldea, C., Montes de Oca, Y.,
Campos, J.
(
2024). Estrategias de
producción sostenible para
incrementar la comercialización de
tara en Perú. Espirales Revista
Multidisciplinaria de investigación
científica, 8 (48), 1-20
Sustainable production strategies to increase the commercialization of tara in Peru
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 8, No. 48
January - March 2024 e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 1-20
2
Introduction
Tara is a non-timber forest product (NTFP) and its exploitation is an eco-business
alternative for Peru's socioeconomic development (Villena Velásquez and Seminario,
2021). However, its growth occurs in the dry forests of the inter-Andean valleys; as
mentioned by Cordero (2016), this tropical ecosystem is endangered due to
anthropological factors that include unsustainable management regimes and
overexploitation of commercially valuable species.
Tara is a species of high productive efficiency and multiple productive purposes; since
it is used for both fruits and pods, where exquisite tannins are obtained in substances,
considered the best in the world, used in the fur industry, pharmaceutical industry,
chemical industry and paint industry; also tara gum is highly required in the food
industry , for its moisturizing and protective qualities (Diaz and Vargas, 2021 ; Mukherjee
et al., 2023).
Sustainable production involves managing natural resources and agricultural practices
in a way that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs (World Commission on Environment and
Development, 1987).
Sustainable production in the agribusiness sector is a growing concern around the
world. Agribusinesses play a vital role in the production of food, raw materials and
energy, but can also have a significant impact on the environment and local
communities. Sustainable production seeks to address these challenges by ensuring
Resumen
La tara (Caesalpinia spinosa), es una planta nativa oriunda del Perú,
la cual crece en los bosques secos de los valles interandinos. Está
considerada como una oportunidad relevante para la realización de
econegocios en el país debido a su alta eficiencia de uso y su
versatilidad en diversas industrias. El presente estudio plantea
caracterizar la producción y comercialización de tara de los
productores situados en el Valle del Río Sonche, de la provincia de
Chachapoyas para, posteriormente, brindar algunas oportunidades
de implementación de estrategias de producción sostenible de la
tara a fin de incrementar su producción. Los resultados señalan que
la actividad productiva de la tara viene siendo desarrollada de
manera precaria, puesto que presenta una producción por hectárea
menor a la media y una utilización ineficiente de los espacios aptos
para el cultivo; así también las unidades productoras cuentan con
deficiencias organizacionales como la falta de apalancamiento,
escasa capacitación en temas de sostenibilidad y descuido en los
procesos de recolección. Estas deficiencias resultan oportunidades
invaluables para implementar estrategias como la práctica de cultivos
sostenibles, el uso de variedades mejoras y la educación,
investigación y desarrollo respecto a la producción de tara.
Palabras clave:
Tara (Caesalpinia spinosa), estrategias de
producción, sostenibilidad
Anita Maicelo Vilca, Meliza del Pilar Bustos Chavez, Pablo-Alfredo Rituay Trujillo, Carlos Enrique Aldea Roman,
Yorberth Yannedy Montes de Oca Rojas, Jonathan-Alberto Campos Trigoso
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 8, No. 48
January - March 2024 e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 1-20
3
that agriculture and agribusiness are economically viable, socially responsible and
environmentally friendly.
In the agribusiness sector, the pursuit of economically, environmentally and socially
responsible practices remains a priority. These agribusinesses play an essential role in
the production of food and raw materials, making sustainability a critical objective.
The principles of sustainable production in agribusiness imply its economic, social and
environmental viability. Sustainable production seeks long-term profitability, promoting
efficiency in resource management and the adoption of sustainable technologies
(Pretty, 2008). It also involves considering the welfare of agricultural workers, local
communities, and human rights. Equity and social justice are essential elements
(Tittonell and Giller, 2013). Finally, it focuses on reducing environmental impact through
the sustainable management of soil, water and biodiversity (Vanlauwe et al., 2014).
Various tools and practices mentioned below are used to make sustainable production
possible. Conservation agriculture: promotes reduced tillage, cover crops and
integrated pest management to improve soil health and water use efficiency (Hobbs
and Govaerts, 2010). Organic agriculture and agroecology: these practices emphasize
the prohibition of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, as well as the promotion of
biodiversity and soil regeneration (Gattinger et al., 2012). Sustainability certifications:
Certifications such as Fair Trade and Rainforest Alliance support sustainable practices in
the supply chain (Bacon et al., 2012).
The benefits of sustainable production are understood as the differential advantages
over non-sustainably produced crops. The benefits are diverse. Access to sustainable
markets allows access to niche markets and consumers increasingly concerned about
sustainability (D'Souza et al., 2016). Resilience to climate change is that sustainable
production can help farmers adapt to changing climatic conditions and extreme events
(Vermeulen et al., 2012). Finally, natural resource conservation contributes to
biodiversity conservation, soil health and water availability (Lal, 2015).
Sustainable production in agribusiness is essential to address environmental, social and
economic challenges in modern agriculture. The adoption of sustainable practices and
consideration of sustainability principles benefits farmers, local communities and the
environment, while providing market opportunities. Collaboration between the private
sector, governments and civil society organizations is essential to promote sustainable
agribusiness production.
Characterizing the Tara producing areas in Peru, from its consideration as a more
profitable Peruvian agro-export product, is important because of its wide recognition
and high world prices: Cajamarca (39.5%), Ayacucho (16.4%), La Libertad (12.5%),
Huánuco (8.4%), Ancash (6.2%) and others (5.8%). However, Peru exports about 5,000
MT, and the world demand is 100,000 MT, a gap that must be covered with more
production, highlighting that the most important export markets are the USA, Germany,
Switzerland, Spain and Italy (Melo M. et al., 2013)..
Sustainable production strategies to increase the commercialization of tara in Peru
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 8, No. 48
January - March 2024 e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 1-20
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Derivatives made from Tara seeds come to have high costs in the international market,
for example, powdered Tara can cost more than US$ 820 MT in Peruvian ports, while
the gum, which is obtained from Tara pulp has a domestic freight rate of US$ 6,600 MT
and the foreign freight rate is more than US$ 10,000 thousand dollars MT, reason to
increase with the production of these derivatives, in turn generating employment and
greater profitability for producers (Bereche and Casas, 2017).
As mentioned by Chumán and Córdova (2019), tannins are currently of great economic
importance, so they are being used in the industry of different products such as in the
manufacture of adhesives, bioplastics and galvanized, as well as in the conservation of
fishing gear due to its bactericidal and fungicidal condition; it is also used as malt
substitutes to give body to beer and wine classifiers; with respect to the pharmaceutical
industry, it has a wide therapeutic use; it is also used in cosmetology, metal protection,
oil drilling, oil well maintenance, rubber industry and as part of paints due to its
anticorrosive action; Oliva et al. (2015), refers that the use of Tara has a great food,
medical and industrial potential, which is why the use of this product is essential.
The tara value chain in Peru involves several stages, from production and collection of
pods to processing and marketing of tara gum. The main stages include production and
cultivation, pod harvesting and processing, and processing and export. Tara is grown
in agroforestry systems, which promotes sustainability and environmental conservation
(Alercia et al., 2018). Tara pods are harvested by hand and processed to extract the
gum (Makkar et al., 1997). Tara gum is processed into different grades and exported
mainly to international markets (Zarate et al., 2017).
On the other hand, there are factors that impact on the commercialization of tara. The
quality of tara gum is critical for its successful commercialization in international markets
(Sharma et al., 2009). Organic and sustainable product certification can increase
competitiveness in international markets (Cerda et al., 2017). International prices for tara
gum are volatile and depend on industry demand (Cayotopa-Santos and Ubillus-
Melitón, 2018). Access to financing and appropriate technology can improve the
production and commercialization of tara (Antonelli and Ramón, 2016).
Tara marketing in Peru faces challenges related to quality, competition in international
markets, and lack of access to technology. However, it also offers opportunities to
promote sustainable practices, diversify products and access premium markets.
At the international level, there is literature to highlight regarding the production and
trade of tara. Wang, et al (2022) conducted a study on the demand for tara in China.
This study analyzes the demand for tara in China, the main consumer market of this
plant worldwide. The results indicate that the demand for tara in China is growing
steadily, driven by increased consumption of processed foods, leather manufacturing
and biofuel production.
Garcia, et al (2022) showed three new tara varieties had significantly higher yields than
traditional commercial varieties. The average yield of the new varieties was 2.5 tons per
hectare, while the average yield of the traditional commercial varieties was 1.5 tons per
hectare. The study also showed that the new tara varieties could be harvested three
Anita Maicelo Vilca, Meliza del Pilar Bustos Chavez, Pablo-Alfredo Rituay Trujillo, Carlos Enrique Aldea Roman,
Yorberth Yannedy Montes de Oca Rojas, Jonathan-Alberto Campos Trigoso
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 8, No. 48
January - March 2024 e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 1-20
5
times a year. The first harvest was in the months of May-June, the second harvest in the
months of October-November and the third harvest in the months of January-February.
In addition, Gonzales-Pech, et al (2021), review the main aspects of sustainable tara
production, including the use of sustainable agricultural practices, waste management
and organic certification. It is concluded that sustainable tara production is possible and
can contribute to improve the profitability of producers and environmental
conservation.
Pérez-Sánchez, et al (2020) analyze the strategies for the promotion of tara in Europe,
the second largest consumer market of this plant worldwide. The results show that the
promotion of tara in Europe should focus on the development of new products and
applications, as well as on educating consumers about the benefits of this plant.
González-Pech, et al (2022) analyzed the potential of tara for biofuel production. The
results indicate that tara is a potential source of biofuels, since it has a high carbohydrate
content and a low lignin content.
In the Peruvian research field, there have also been important scientific studies on the
topic of this research. Del Pozo, et al. (2023) studied the tara value chain in Peru, from
production to marketing. They conclude that the tara value chain is complex and
heterogeneous, and that it presents opportunities to improve productivity,
competitiveness and sustainability.
Chávez, et al. (2022). examines strategies for the promotion of tara in Peru, with the
objective of increasing domestic consumption and export of this product. They indicate
that strategies for the promotion of tara should focus on the development of new
products and applications, as well as on educating consumers about the benefits of this
plant.
Garcia, et al (2021) review the main aspects of sustainable tara production in Peru,
including the use of sustainable agricultural practices, waste management and organic
certification. The results show that sustainable tara production is possible and can
contribute to improved producer profitability and environmental conservation.
Gutiérrez, et al (2020), explore the tara market in Peru, with the objective of identifying
trends and opportunities for this product. The results indicate that the tara market in
Peru is growing steadily, driven by increased demand for processed foods, leather
manufacturing and biofuel production.
This research seeks to propose various strategies in favor of sustainable production of
tara, in order to have a positive impact on its commercialization. For this purpose, a
characteristic analysis of the agricultural and marketing activity of tara producers in the
province of Chachapoyas, Peru, will be carried out in order to propose strategies that
are specifically adjusted to the population under study.
Sustainable production strategies to increase the commercialization of tara in Peru
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 8, No. 48
January - March 2024 e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 1-20
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Materials and methods
This research was based on a descriptive-propositional research design that combines
elements of descriptive research, which seeks to analyze the current situation of tara
production in Chachapoyas, and propositional research, which aims to propose
sustainable production strategies. The study is cross-sectional, as the primary data
correspond to the study period 2023.
The study population consisted of farmers dedicated to the cultivation of tara in the
province of Chachapoyas. Given the small population (50 farmers), it was decided to
consider the total population in the study.
Data collection will be carried out through a combination of qualitative and quantitative
methods: Structured surveys were conducted with agricultural producers in
Chachapoyas. These interviews will provide a deeper understanding of the current
situation and possible sustainable production strategies; in addition, various proposals
collected from bibliographic sources were studied qualitatively and then filtered
according to their level of adaptability to the context of the study population.
Based on the results of the descriptive research and in consultation with the available
literature, sustainable production strategies were proposed. These strategies will be
designed to address the identified challenges and promote sustainable agricultural
practices in tara production in Chachapoyas.
Informed consent was obtained from all participants in the interviews and surveys. The
confidentiality of the data collected was guaranteed, and the ethical norms and
procedures established by the research institution were followed.
Results
Figure 1 shows the distribution of uncultivated hectares owned by farmers. Of these,
53.3% have areas between 3 to 6 ha that are not used agriculturally; on the other hand,
Figure 2 shows the distribution of areas with tara crops; in general there is a fairly
homogeneous distribution in the ranges of 0 to 1, 1 to 2, 2 to 3, 3 to 4 and 4 to 5
hectares, but 26.7% of crops with areas of 1 to 2 hectares predominate.
Figure 1
. Hectares owned without cultivation
53,3%
26,7%
13,3%
6,7%
0,0%
10,0%
20,0%
30,0%
40,0%
50,0%
60,0%
3 – 6 ha 6 – 9 ha 1 – 3 ha 9 – 12 ha
Percentage
Anita Maicelo Vilca, Meliza del Pilar Bustos Chavez, Pablo-Alfredo Rituay Trujillo, Carlos Enrique Aldea Roman,
Yorberth Yannedy Montes de Oca Rojas, Jonathan-Alberto Campos Trigoso
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 8, No. 48
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Figure 2.
Hectares with wild or cultivated tara seedlings.
Regarding production and harvesting processes, Figure 6 shows that 86.7% of crops
yield two harvests per year; also, 40% of farmers have a range of production per harvest
of between 2 to 3 tons; most producers (66.7%) indicate that they are indifferent to the
care in harvesting the tara fruit; finally, there is a high willingness (66.7%) to improve the
quality of the crop.
Figure 3
. Harvesting
Figure 4.
Crop production per crop
26,7%
20,0% 20,0% 20,0%
13,3%
0,0%
5,0%
10,0%
15,0%
20,0%
25,0%
30,0%
1 – 2 ha 0 – 1 ha 3 – 4 ha 2– 3 ha 4 – 5 ha
1 – 2 ha
0 – 1 ha
3 – 4 ha
2– 3 ha
4 – 5 ha
86,7%
6,7%
6,7%
0,0% 20,0% 40,0% 60,0% 80,0% 100,0%
2 veces
3 veces
1 vez
Percentage
40,0%
26,7%
20,0%
13,3%
0,0%
5,0%
10,0%
15,0%
20,0%
25,0%
30,0%
35,0%
40,0%
45,0%
2000 - 3000 Kg 1000 - 2000 Kg 4000 - 5000 Kg 3000 - 4000 Kg
Percentage
Sustainable production strategies to increase the commercialization of tara in Peru
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 8, No. 48
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Figure 5.
Care with the plant when harvesting the fruit.
Figure 6
. Willingness to improve the quality of the product it offers
The following figure shows that organic fertilizers are sometimes used in most of the
crops (66.7%). Finally, 46.7% do not participate in environmental awareness and
reforestation training.
Figure 7.
Organic fertilizers on your seedlings
66,7%
33,3%
Indiferente
De Acuerdo
73,3%
20,0%
6,7%
De Acuerdo
Totalmente de Acuerdo
Indiferente
66,7%
26,7%
6,7%
Aveces
No
Si
Anita Maicelo Vilca, Meliza del Pilar Bustos Chavez, Pablo-Alfredo Rituay Trujillo, Carlos Enrique Aldea Roman,
Yorberth Yannedy Montes de Oca Rojas, Jonathan-Alberto Campos Trigoso
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 8, No. 48
January - March 2024 e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 1-20
9
Figure 8.
Participates in environmental awareness and reforestation trainings
The following is a review of internal organizational issues. 66.7% of farmers do not use
financing for their productive activity. Likewise, 66.7% believe that an association will
allow them to increase their productivity.
Figure 9.
Financing for its cultivation
Figure 10.
Do you believe that partnership will allow you to increase your
productivity?
Regarding marketing aspects, 46% of the farmers sell their production to stockpilers or
wholesalers. All marketing is done under the presentation of tare in fruit (100%).
46,7%
33,3%
20,0%
No
Aveces
Si
66,7%
13,3%
13,3%
6,7%
Ninguno
Préstamo familiar
Subvenciones y ayudas del
estado
Préstamo bancario
66,7%
33,3%
De Acuerdo
Indiferente
Sustainable production strategies to increase the commercialization of tara in Peru
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 8, No. 48
January - March 2024 e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 1-20
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Figure 11.
To whom you sell your production
Figure 12.
Presentation that sells the production
Regarding the use of marketing strategies in the commercialization of tara, 86.7% do
not carry out market research for the distribution of their products; 66.7% do not use
marketing techniques; and 86.7% do not use marketing to commercialize their products.
Figure 13.
Performs some type of market research for the distribution of its products
to its customers.
46,7%
46,7%
6,7%
Acopiador
Mayorista
Otras empresas
100,0%
Tara en fruto
86,7%
13,3%
No
Aveces
Anita Maicelo Vilca, Meliza del Pilar Bustos Chavez, Pablo-Alfredo Rituay Trujillo, Carlos Enrique Aldea Roman,
Yorberth Yannedy Montes de Oca Rojas, Jonathan-Alberto Campos Trigoso
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 8, No. 48
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Figure 14.
Performs marketing techniques for its product
Figure 15.
Use of marketing to market your product
Conclusions
In the province of Chachapoyas, the production of tara offers important opportunities
for improvement in different aspects. In terms of production, there are potentially
between 196.85 and 340.2 hectares in the possession of tara producers that have not
yet been cultivated. Considering that the area currently destined to the cultivation of
tara is between 89.95 and 139.95 ha; in terms of surface area, production has an average
growth opportunity of 133.6%. It is noteworthy that the average yield of tara is 1.2 tons
per hectare, which is lower than the average of 1.5 tons per hectare for traditional
species, while it rises to 2.5 tons per hectare for improved species (Garcia et al, 2022).
In terms of harvest frequency, the findings reveal that they are within the standards of
traditional tara species, being harvested twice a year. Current scientific development
has generated new tara species, which can be harvested with a frequency of up to three
times per year (García et al, 2022), which would imply a potential increase in tara
production by 49.85%.
Combining the aforementioned aspects: increase of cultivated area and introduction of
new species that allow a yield of 2.5 tons per hectare and an annual frequency of three
66,7%
26,7%
6,7%
No
Aveces
Si
86,7%
13,3%
No
Aveces
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Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 8, No. 48
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harvests; the production potential would be 2876 tons of tara per year (current: 276.88
tons per year), which represents an improvement of 938% with respect to the current
productive situation.
Harvesting processes are vital for production efficiency. Currently, most producers are
indifferent to care in the tare harvesting phase, which possibly explains the low average
yield in Chachapoyas province. However, there is a willingness on the part of most
producers to improve the quality of the crop, which is an important indicator for the
success of the implementation of policies in favor of increasing tara production.
Regarding sustainability, there are also important opportunities: the lack of regular use
of organic fertilizers implies that the productive efficiency of arable areas can be
improved with the regular and adequate use of different organic fertilizers. Also,
increasing participation in training on environmental awareness and reforestation is
essential to improve the profitability of producers (Gonzales-Pech et al, 2021).
At the organizational level, the degree of financial leverage has an opportunity within
the producer units. Using financing makes it possible for producers to grow significantly,
as long as investments are made and appropriate measures are implemented for the
sustainable development of the tara. Most of the producers consider that belonging to
an association can increase their productivity, which also creates opportunities for
collective organizations in favor of increasing productivity and commercialization of tara.
Regarding commercialization, the tara does not present major transformation to be
sold, all the production is sold in fruit. Also, almost all of the production is sold to the
tara stockpilers and wholesalers. This implies a relatively low bargaining power for
farmers due to the asymmetries in the composition of the market structure.
Marketing strategies for the commercialization of tara are incipient: no market studies
are carried out to distribute it, thus, it can be determined that the decisions taken in
these production units are not optimal. As part of the marketing techniques, most of
them do not develop strategies or actions to optimize the marketing processes.
At a general characterization level, it is important to recognize that tara producers in the
province of Chachapoyas are characterized by low productive efficiency.
It is important to highlight that the creation of business organizations will possibly help
farmers to overcome the major limitations that hinder their development, since
producers without an organization are less likely to be adequately inserted in the
commercialization of Tara (Cotrina, 2019). The above is an important point in
traceability; from production, collection, processing and successful marketing of the
product; organizations are a key point for the success of production and marketing of
Tara, where it improves the income of the associates, reduces production costs and
mainly frames them with a market approach. Thus, farmers are likely to become strategic
partners for the organization and thus improve their quality of life (De La Oliva and
Gonzales, 2010).
Anita Maicelo Vilca, Meliza del Pilar Bustos Chavez, Pablo-Alfredo Rituay Trujillo, Carlos Enrique Aldea Roman,
Yorberth Yannedy Montes de Oca Rojas, Jonathan-Alberto Campos Trigoso
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 8, No. 48
January - March 2024 e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 1-20
13
Acknowledgment
This research is developed in the framework of the execution of the project
"Mentoring program to strengthen research, development and innovation in
young women of the Agribusiness Research Circle of the National University
Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza of Amazonas in the city of Chachapoyas,
Amazonas Region. "Contract N° PE501078007-2022-PROCIENCIA.
..........................................................................................................
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